Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic health condition affects how the body processes blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is the main source of energy for the body’s cells, and insulin – a hormone produced by the pancreas – helps move glucose from the blood to the cells. In diabetes, this process is interrupted, causing high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). Long -term high blood sugar can cause severe damage to heart, kidneys, eyes, veins and other parts of the body. Diabetes is a lifetime situation, but with proper management, people with diabetes can live a healthy and active life.

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

An autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The most common type, where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin, often associated with lifestyle factors like obesity and physical inactivity

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Occurs during pregnancy and usually disappears after childbirth, but it increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

Causes Diabetes Mellitus

genetic factors A family history of diabetes increases risk, especially in type 2 and some rare forms such as modi (maturity beginning diabetics).
Self -proclaimed response In type 1 diabetes, the immune system incorrectly attacked insulin-produced beta cells in insulin, which prevents insulin production.
insulin resistance In type 2 diabetes, body cells become resistant to insulin, making it difficult for glucose to enter cells and increases blood sugar.
Obesity or overweight Additional fat - especially around the abdomen - can lead to insulin resistance and is one of the most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes.
Physical inaction Lack of regular exercise reduces insulin sensitivity and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes.
unhealthy diet Consuming high amounts of sophisticated sugars, processed foods, and saturated fat can contribute to weight gain and insulin resistance.
Hormonal changes in pregnancy During pregnancy, hormonal changes can intervene with insulin functions, causing pregnancy diabetes.
Age factor The risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age, especially after 45, due to low physical activity, weight gain and reduction in insulin sensitivity.
High blood pressure and cholesterol These conditions are often associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of diabetes.
Stress and sleep disorder Chronic stress and poor sleep can affect hormone levels and insulin sensitivity, possibly leading to diabetes.
Some medicines Long -term use of steroids, antisicottics, or some chemotherapy can interfere with insulin function and lead secondary diabetes.

Clinical features of Diabetes Mellitus:

Increased thirst

The body tries to remove additional glucose through enlarged urination.

Frequent urination

The body tries to remove excess glucose through increased urination.

Unexplain loss

The body breaks fat and muscles for energy when it cannot use glucose.

Fatigue

Lack of glucose in cells causes less energy and constant fatigue.

Slow therapy of lesions

poor circulation and high sugar levels delay the treatment process.

Symptoms associated with Diabetes Mellitus:

Feeling abnormally thirsty due to dehydration due to high blood sugar levels.

There is a need to urinate more often, especially at night, because the body tries to remove excess sugar.

Feeling hungry even after eating because glucose is not used properly by the body.

Losing weight without trying, because the body starts breaking fat and muscles for energy.

Constant feeling tired because cells are not getting enough glucose for energy.

High blood sugar can cause the lens to swell in the eye, affecting the vision.

Cut, wound, or infection takes longer to recover due to poor circulation and weak immune response.

Diabetic is known as neuropathy, it is caused by nerve damage caused by prolonged high blood sugar.

Investigations in Diabetes Mellitus:

Measures blood sugar after at least 8 hours of fasting; Level ≥126 mg/DL suggest diabetes.

2 hours after meals checks blood sugar; Level ≥200 mg/DL may indicate diabetes.

A blood sugar test at any time of the day; ≥200 mg/DL with symptoms suggest diabetes.

The average blood sugars in the last 2-3 months; The value. 56.5% confirm diabetes.

Glucose measures the body’s response to intake; Often pregnancy is used in diabetes screening.

Detects sugar in urine, which can occur when blood sugar is too high.

Checks for ketones in urine, especially in type 1 diabetes when insulin is very low

To examine cholesterol levels and assess complications such as diabetic nephropathy.